ANSAM 72 Hours bandh hits normal life in Manipur.

The 72 hours Chakka bandh called by All Naga Students' Association Manipur (ANSAM) hits normal life in Manipur which commenced from 6 pm Monday, the 12th July and would last till 6 pm of 15th July.
It may be noted that ANSAM has been demanding the review of the Manipur (Hill areas) Autonomous District Council Act, 1971 which was amended by the Manipur government in 2008.
Earlier, demanding the review of ADC Act, the ANSAM has called for indefinite Economic blocade that lasted for more than 2 Months, leaving the State completely cut off from the rest of the country. The ANSAM, (sub-ordinate body of NSF) has temporarily called off the economic blockade after the delegation of the apex Naga students body, 'Naga Students' Federation (NSF) met the Prime minister, HM,
Opposision Leader and other top Central leaders.

However, the Manipur Government seems to be not in a position to review the Act which might compelled the ANSAM to continue with economic blockade.

THE MAIN ISSUE BEHIND ECONOMIC BLOCADE IN MANIPUR

THE MAIN ISSUE BEHIND ECONOMIC BLOCADE IN MANIPUR

The Manipur (Hill Areas) District Council Act, 1971 was passed by the
Parliament to provide for establishment of Autonomous District
Councils in the Hill Areas in the then Union Territory of Manipur, but
following the attainment of statehood in the year 1972, the Government
of Manipur immediately adopted this Central Act by issuing the Manipur
(Adaptation of Laws) Order, 1972 and in exercise of the power vested
in him under Section 3 of the Act, the then Governor of Manipur vide
Notification dated 14.02.1972 initially constituted 6 (six) Autonomous
District for the purpose of constitution of Autonomous District
Councils (ADC in brief) under the aforesaid Act of 1971, namely (i)
Manipur North ADC now Senapati ADC, (ii) Sadar Hills ADC, (iii)
Manipur East ADC now Ukhrul ADC, (iv) Tengnoupal ADC now Chandel ADC,
(v) Manipur South ADC now Churachandpur ADC and (vi) Manipur West ADC
now Tamenglong ADC.

Unlike the ADC created under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of
India, this 1971 Act does not provide legislative and judicial powers
to the said ADC, but merely provides limited Administrative Powers
under the pervasive control of the State Government under the Act of
1971. The ADC can make recommendation to the state government to bring
legislation on the matter concerning the members of the Scheduled
Tribe namely (a) appointment or succession of chiefs, (b) inheritance
of property, (c) marriage & divorce and (d) social customs. The ADC is
not empowered to generate its own revenue but made it dependent on
grant-in-aid from the state government. It is therefore evident that
no elected ADC under this centralized legislation of the 1971 could
function effectively to the satisfaction of the Hills people since its
first election in 1973. Despite of calling to safeguard the rights and
interest of the Hills people, each political party in power in the
State deliberately reduced the ADC to merely an agent of the state
ruling party, resultantly, the ADC totally failed to deliver to the
backward and illiterate Hills people. Admitting the weakness of the
ADC under the above 1971 Act, the first minor Amendment of section 25
of the Act was exercised by the state government in 1975, but the same
could not bring tangible results in favour of the Hills people.

Realizing this, amongst others, from late 1970s onwards, the right
thinking hills people including the NGOs started a campaign to do away
with the ADC altogether and demand for greater autonomy had begun
thereafter. Finally, admitting to some extent the unworkable
arrangement of the ADC under 1971 Act, the state government though
unwilling but compelled to dissolve all the elected ADC i.e. Chandel
ADC dissolved on 17.10.1988, Ukhrul ADC, Churachandpur ADC, Sadar
Hills ADC and Tamenglong ADC dissolved on 18.03.1989 and Senapati ADC
dissolved on 24.11.1993. The state government by misusing the power
under the Act of 1971 in discriminately dissolved an extended term of
the ADC and thereby the ADC meant for the Hills people were completely
brought under the control of the State Government and as a result
practically all the functions of the ADC contemplated in the Act have
ceased to exist except education.

Realizing the failure of this Act, from early 1980's the Hills people
started demanding for extension of Sixth Schedule of the Constitution
of India in the Hill Areas in Manipur. Denying the merits of the said
demand, the Manipur Legislative Assembly without the genuine mandate
of the hills people purportedly inacted Manipur (Hill Areas)
Autonomous District Council Act, 2000 to repeal the parent Act of 1971
by inserting the word "Autonomous" for the first time in the cause
title of the Act without providing true autonomy to the Hills people
in the real sense of the term. Fortunately, the said new Enactment of
2000 also could not brought into force.

The Government of Manipur as determined before not to allow the tribal
to enjoy autonomy had again amended the Act, of 1971 by Manipur (Hill
Areas) District Council (Second Amendment) Act, 2006 to the extent of
inserting sub-Section (1A) in Section 29 (1) thereby conferring power
on the ADC to notify any areas in the District Council as Urban Areas
for the purpose of formulation of development plan and inserted
Section 44A in the Act of 1971 providing therein that no land situated
within the ADC shall be allotted, transferred, leased by the Deputy
Commissioner, other than for public purpose except with a resolution
passed by the ADC at its meeting by a majority of not less than 2/3 of
its members. However, this Second Amendment of 2006 also did not bring
out vital change in the parent Act of 1971 and the Autonomy remained
elusive to the ADC.

Again openly defying the core interest and rights of the Hills people,
the Governor of Manipur in exercise of his power under Article 213 of
the Constitution of India vide Notification dated 12th May, 2008
promulgated the Manipur (Hill Areas) District Council (Third
Amendment) Ordinance, 2008 and immediately the District Council
Delimitation Committee also constituted by the Governor vide Order
dated 23rd May, 2008 to expedite the process of imposition of election
of the ADC on the Hills people in Manipur. Without wasting any time,
the State Government of Manipur finally brought Manipur (Hill Areas)
District Council (Third Amendment) Act, 2008 into existence vide
Notification dated 27th October, 2008 with the false pretension by
declaring that the wishes of the hills people have been incorporated
in the aforesaid third amendment. But on perusing the said amendment
it appears beyond reasonable doubt that this Third Amendment Act, 2008
also did not bring major changes in the parent Act of 1971. There are
few minor amendments like the strength of the members of the ADC has
been increased from 18 to 24, administrative functions has been
increased from the existing 17 to 26 by inserting a few more functions
like fisheries, co-operative, sports & youth affairs, adult & non
formal education, horticulture and floriculture, rural housing scheme,
village and cottage industries, small scale industries,
non-conventional energy sources, library and culture activities and
power to recommend to the State for recognition of villages subject to
resolution passed by a simple majority of the Council. This aforesaid
powers incorporated in the Act by the Third Amendment are merely an
administrative powers to be exercised by the elected MDC as per the
dictates of the political party /parties in power in the State. It is
correct to assert that conferring more administrative powers/functions
on the ADC is not the right approach to safeguard and protect the
interest of the Hills people in Manipur but rather this exercise under
the present Act of 1971 will open wider doors to State Government to
control and misuse the ADC as mere agents/instruments to implement the
policy of the State Government instead of tribal policy formulated for
uplifting the hills people socially, economically, politically and
culturally and therefore, it is very clear that the Third Amendment
could not change the nature of the ADC created under the parent Act,
1971.

Admittedly, the present ADC in the Hill Areas in Manipur is only a
statutory authority /body created under the Act of 1971 unlike the ADC
created under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution and is a
constitutional authority/body. There is unmatchable distinction
between the statutory body and constitutional body in terms of power,
status and jurisdiction under the constitution. The present ADC in
Manipur is absolutely under the extensive control of the State
Government in power and as such it is a part of the State. However,
the ADC constituted under the Sixth Schedule is neither absolutely
under the control of the State Government nor it is a part of the
State, but it is 'a state within a state' under the Constitution.
Basically, the executive, legislative and judicial powers of the ADC
under the Sixth Schedule is directly springs from the Constitution of
India itself, but the sources of administrative powers of the present
ADC in Manipur is only draw from the 1971 Act, as amended in Third
Amendment Act, 2008. The ADC under the sixth scheduled enjoy
constitutional status and has the privilege of exercising legislative,
executive and judicial powers to protect and safeguard the interest of
the tribal people and whereas the ADC under the present Act in Manipur
lacks such independent power. The urgent needs of the Hills people in
Manipur is to have ADC under the Sixth Schedule to restore their
tribal autonomy, to safeguard social practices and customary laws, to
protect the interest and rights of the tribal over their land, etc.
They do not need to have ADC like the present arrangement which is
only a State Agency to implement the Flagship Schemes of the State
Government as openly stated recently by Shri. Ibobi Singh, Chief
Minister of Manipur.

The fundamental objective of providing Sixth Schedule to the
Constitution of India is to establish ADC in the North Eastern States
where the indigenous tribal is minority to safeguard their culture,
land, natural resources etc. from unscrupulous exploitation of the
majority or plains people and therefore, infact, being minority, the
Hills people in Manipur is socially, culturally, economically,
politically and constitutionally deserve to have ADC under the Sixth
Schedule, but the same has been strongly objected and denied by the
Government of Manipur on behalf of the majority Maitei in Manipur
Taking advantage of the simplicity of the Hills people, the State of
Manipur has forcibly imposed the present ADC upon the Hills people and
the present form of ADC in the Hill areas in Manipur is nothing better
than a ploy to control the Hills people by the State Government to
enable the Maitei majority for unjust enrichment at the cost of the
minority hills people. Every now and then the Government of Manipur is
trying to persuade the Hills people by saying that the Government is
ready to go for further amendment of the Act, 1971 as amended in 2008.
In fact, the urgent need of the hour is not to go for further
amendment of the Act, but complete repeal of the Act and grant
Autonomy to the hills people under the Sixth Schedule to the
constitution of India. Until and unless the Act is completely done
away with in toto, hundred of Amendments of the present Act will never
serve the interest of the hills people as because more financial and
administrative power as invited by the state government to endorse on
the ADC through further amendment of the Act means more control by the
state government. Imposition of election on the unwilling hills people
is not only runs contrary to the settle democratic norms but
arbritarily demolish the democratic existence of tribal autonomy in
Manipur. Therefore the ongoing economic blockade in Manipur called by
the ANSAM supported by the hills people and others is the ultimate
ultimatum to the state government to constitutionally respect the
tribal autonomy. The state government must stop exercising tyrannical
forces against the minority hills people to undermine the existence of
the hills people in open democracy. Therefore, the central government
and the state government of Manipur are constitutionally responsible
to the injustice done to the hills people in Manipur under the Act of
1971 and as such onus to respect the cultural, social, religious and
political rights of the hills people heavily casted upon the this two
governments by immediately bringing the hills areas of Manipur within
the purview of the Sixth Scheduled to the constitution of India.

Shri. H. L. Shangreiso
Advocate, Guwahati High Court, Shillong Bench, Shillong 793001

Nagaland State and the word "NAGA"

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

Nagaland State lies between 26’ 60' and 27’ 40' latitude North of Equator and between the Longitudinal lines 93’ 20'E and 95’ 15'E having an area of 18,400 square Kms. The State is situated in the North Eastern part of India. The State shares its boundary with Assam in north and west; Arunachal and Myanmar in East, and Manipur in South.

The Nagas belongs to Mongolian tribe and more than 50 Naga tribes are living in Nagaland, Manipur, Assam, Arunachal and Myanmar.

THE WORD 'NAGA'

The Nagas did not call themselves as 'Nagas'. It was outsiders who give them the name 'NAGA'.
The name NAGA is believed to have been derived from following words.

i) NANGRA - a Kachari word which means, 'A YOUNG WARRIOR.
ii) NAGNA - a Sanskrit word, 'NAKED.
iii) NANGA - a Hindustani word, 'NAKED.
iv) NOGA - Assamese word, NAKED or NEWMAN.
v) NAGA - SNAKE OR KING SNAKES. Nagas are fond of eating Snakes
vi) NAG - Sanskrit word HILL & NAGA meaning, HILLMAN.
vii) NAKA - Burmese word, EARRING and people wears earring or Pierce
their EARLOBES are known as NAKAS. It later changed into English
phonetic, 'NAGA'.

The use of NAGA dated back to 150 AD, when Greek Scholar, Claudius Ptolemy referred in his writting, NAGA-LOGOI. The word mentioning NAGA can also be found in the history of the Kings of Assam written by the Assamese Borunjis, beginning from 13th century. It was long before the
Bangalees or Hindustani people came in contact with the Nagas.
Therefore, it is likely that the word NAGA had been given by the Assamese who are close to Nagas than any other people.

Many eminent Historians from Europe, China and Assam wrote about the Nagas where they referred the Nagas as people living in between Brahmaputra River and Chinwing River.

SOME IMPORTANT BOOKS ON NAGAS

i) A Corner in India - M.M CLARK, 19O7
ii) The Rengma Nagas - J.P MILLS, 1937
iii) The Ao Nagas - J.P MILLS 1926
iv) The Sema Nagas - J.H HUTTON, 1922
v) The Angami Nagas - J.H HUTTON 1921
vi) The Nagas - FRANCIS JENKINS, 1836
Vii) The Nagas: India’s problems or the World – Rev. Michael Scott
viii) Conflict in Nagaland – V.K ANAND
ix) Naga Hills and Manipur – B.C ALLEN 1905
x) The World of Nagas – M. RAMUNNY 1988

Opposing Th. Muivah's visit to Naga areas of Manipur was anti-India.

The Nagas refused to join the Union of India when INC Delegates met NNC Leaders at Kohima in May 1947.

The Naga Club has submitted Memorandum to Simon Commission in 1929 stating that Nagas should not be included under Reformation of India.

NNC sent a delegation to Delhi in July 1947 and conveyed the decision of the Nagas not to join Union of India. Delegation also met Mahatma Gandhi and Gandhi said, 'Nagas have every right to be independent Nation'.

NNC declared Naga Independence on 14 August 1947. In 1951, NNC conducted plebiscite where 99.9% of the Nagas voted against joining India.

Nagaland got statehood in 1963, but without the consent of the Nagas. At no point of time did the Nagas decided to join Union of India. Therefore, the Naga  armed groups or Leaders like Muivah, Khaplang or Adino are not Rebels, Cessesionist, Insurgents, Seperatist or whatever the Media and India Government called them. They are Naga Nationalist leaders fighting for Naga Sovereignty.

During last 7 decades of conflict, many important developments, events and changes has taken place. At the same time, the perception and mindset of the Nagas have changed now.  The Nagas sincerly wants early solution and peace in their land.
 

                 Therefore, the negotiation between Nagas and GoI was under process. Every sane persons must understand that the talk, though not disclosed, is based on Nagas to join the union of India through special arrangement, acceptable to both parties. 

                Therefore, be it Meteis, Assamese, BJP or anybody opposing the Naga leader, Th. Muivah's visit to Nagas land are in fact, anti-India and doesn't want Nagas to be a part of India. And if Government of India will bow down to such elements, then Nagas must be left alone.

                                                        Right is Might!

Formation of Nagaland State through 16th point agreement

Under the initiative of the Naga People's convention (NPC) the 16th point agreement was signed between GoI and NPC members in July 1960.

1. The Name: The Territories that were heretofore known as the Naga Hills Tuensang Area under the Naga Hills Tuensang Area Act, 1957, shall form a State within the Indian Union and be hereafter known as Nagaland.

2. The Ministry Incharge: The Nagaland shall be under the Ministry of External Affairs of the Government of India.

3. The Governor of Nagaland:

(a) The President of India shall appoint a Governor for Nagaland and he will be vested with executive powers of the Government of Nagaland. He will have his headquarter in Nagaland.
(b) His administrative Secretariat will be headed by the Chief Secretary, stationed at the headquarters with other Secretariat staff as necessary.
(c) The Governor shall have special responsibility with regard to law and order during transitional period and for so long as the law and order continues to remain disturbed on account of hostile activities. In exercising this special responsibility of the Governor will cease when normalcy return.

4. Council of Ministers: (a) There shall be Council of Ministers with Chief Minister at the head to assist and advise the Governor in exercise of his functions.
(b) The Council of Ministers shall be responsible to the Nagaland Legislative Assembly.

5. The Legislature: There shall be constituted Legislative Assembly consisting of elected and nominated members as may be necessary for representing different Tribes. (Further, a duly constituted body of experts may be formed to examine and determine the principles of representation on democratic basis).

6. Representation in the Parliament: Two elected members shall represent Nagaland in the Union Parliament, that is to say, one for Lok Sabha and the other for the Rajya Sabha.

7. Acts of Parliament: No Acts or Laws passed by the Parliament affecting the following provisions shall have legal force in Nagaland unless specifically applied to it by a majority vote of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly.
(a) The social and religious practices of the Nagas.
(b) Naga Customary law and procedure.
(c) Civil and Criminal justice system of the Nagas. The existing Laws relating to administration of civil and Criminal justice as provided in the Rules for the Administration of justice and police in the Naga Hills District shall continue to be in force.
(d) The ownership and transfer of land and its resources.

8. Local self Government: Each Tribe shall have the following units of rule making and administrative local bodies to deal with matters concerning the respective tribes and areas;
(a) The Village Councils
(b) The Range Councils
(c) The Tribal Councils
          These Councils will also deal with disputes and cases involving breaches of customary laws and usages.

9. Administration of justice:

(a) The existing system of administration of Civil and Criminal justice shall continue.
(b) Appellate Courts:
(i) The District Court-cum-Session Courts (for each district), High Courts and Supreme Court of India.
(ii) The Naga Tribunal (for the whole of the Nagaland) in respect of cases decided according to the Customary Law.

10. Administration of Tuensang District:

(a) The Governor shall carry on the administration of the Tuensang District for a period of 10 years untill such time when the Tribes in Tuensang District are capable of shouldering more responsibilities of the advance system of administration. The commencement of the 10 years period of administration will start simultaneously with the enforcement of detailed working of the Constitution in other parts of Nagaland. 

(b) Provided further that a regional Council shall be formed for Tuensang District by elected Representatives from all the Tribes in Tuensang District, and the Governor may nominate representatives to the Regional Council as well. The Deputy Commissioner will be the Ex-Officio Chairman of the Council. The Regional Council will elect members to the Nagaland Legislative Assembly to represent Tuensang District.
(c) Provided further that on the advice of the Regional Council, steps will be taken to start various Councils and Courts, in those areas where people feel themselves capable of establishing such institutions.
(d) Provided further that no Act or law passed by the Nagaland Legislative Assembly shall be applicable to Tuensang District unless specifically recommended by the Regional Council.
(e) Provided further that the Regional Council shall supervise and guide the working of various Councils and Tribal Courts within Tuensang District and wherever necessary, depute Local Officer to act as Chairman thereof.
(f) Provided further that Councils of such areas inhabited by a mixed population or which have not yet decided to which specific tribal Council to be affiliated to, shall be directly under the Regional Council for the time being. And at the end of 10 years, the situation will be reviewed and if the people so desired the period will be further extended.

11. Financial assistance from the Government of India: To supplement the revenue of Nagaland, there will be need for the Government of India to pay out of the Consolidated Fund of India.
(a) Lump sum to Nagaland and
(b) A grant-in-aid towards meeting the cost of administration. Detail proposals for grants shall be prepared and submitted.

12. Points to be placed on Record for further action: The inclusion of the Reserved Forests and the contiguous areas inhabitat and belongs to the Naga people. Necessary actions to be reffered under Provisions in articles 3 and 4 of the Constitution.

13. Consolidation of Contiguous Naga areas: Government of India though, couldn't make commitment at this stage, has put in record, that articles 3 and 4 of the Constitution shall be examined in future to enable for Nagas to live under one administration.

14. Formation of seperate Naga Regiment: In order that the Naga people can fulfil their desire of playing full role in the defence forces of India, the question of raising a seperate Naga Regiment shall be duly examined for action.

15. Transitional Period: 

(a) On reaching the political settlement with the Government of India, the GoI will prepare a bill for such amendment of the Constitution as may be necessary, in order to implement the discussions, the draft bill, before presentation to the Parliament will be shown to NPC.
(b) There shall be a constituted Interim Body with elected representatives from every Tribe to assist and advice the Governor in the administration of Nagaland during the transitional period. The tenure of the members of Interim Body will be 3 years, subjected to re-election.

16. Inner Line Regulation: The Rules embodied in the Bengal Eastern Frontier Regulation, 1873, shall remain in force in Nagaland.

After the above agreement was signed, the 13th Constitutional Amendment bill was introduced in Parliament on 21st August 1962 and the special provision for Nagaland was incorporated under article 371(a) of the Constitution. Nagaland became 16th State under the union of India. The Nagaland State was formally inaugurated on 1st December 1963 at Kohima by His Excellency, Dr. S. Radhakhrisnan, the then President of India.

Indo-Naga conflict

The Britishers were the only Nation to rule the Nagas.
However, most of the Nagas' land were left untouched and unconquered.

1. The Nagas fought British troops from 1872 to 1879 when the later
invaded Nagas' land. It may be recalled that the long fought battles
between British troops and Nagas were considered to be among the
bloodiest battles in the history of the British Colonial regime.

2. In 1880, Peace agreement was made between the Nagas and the British
government. However, the Nagas refused to enter into any form of
treaty or written agreement with the British government, which will
tantamount to defeat or surrender. Nagas also mantained that Nagas
were never conquered nor subjected to any authority. Thefore the
gentlemen's agreement was reached between the Nagas and British
without putting it into written.

3. The turning point in Naga Political history was in 1918, when Naga
Club was formed. (Prior to this, there was no common platform for the
Nagas) On 10th Jan. 1929, during the (British Statutory Commission for
reformation of India) Simon Commission's visit to Nagaland, the Naga
Club submitted a Memorandum. In their Memorandum, the Nagas conveyed
their desire to be left alone to determine for themselves as in
ancient times.
Later, the British Parliament passed a resolution in which the Naga
hills were declared as excluded area.

4. When the withdrawal of British government from her South East Asian
Colonial Countries became imminent, the Naga National Council, (NNC)
the first Naga political body, was formed on 2nd February 1946.

5. In May 1947, the Indian National Congress delegation came to Kohima
and requested the Nagas to join Indian Union. The INC delegation also
offered autonomous State to the Nagas. However, the Naga leaders
refused to join Indian Union and conveyed to INC delegation that Nagas
were Independent Sovereign Nation since time immemorial and that Nagas
should be left alone as it is.

6. Then in July 1947, the NNC delegation was sent to Delhi to make
clear the stand of the Nagas. The delegation met Mahatma Gandhi on
19th July and explained the stand of the Nagas. The delegation also
told him the threat made by Indian leaders to use Military might
against them. To which Mahatma Gandhi said, "the Nagas have every
right to become Independent outside India. We do not want the British
and they are going, if you said you and your country does not belong
to India, then the matter ends there. Nobody will force you to join
Indian union and if India send its army to Nagaland to force you, I
will come there and ask the Indian forces to kill me first before they
kill any Naga."

7. On the eve of India's Independence, the NNC declared its
Independence on 14th August 1947. The declaration of Independence was
faxed to United Nations (UNO) and the acknowledgement letter was
received by the NNC.

8. In the meantime, the Indian leaders keep on claiming that only few
educated Nagas are rebelling against India. To prove the wish of the
Nagas, the NNC decided to conduct plecbisite in 1951. The NNC invited
delegation from UN and Indian government to witness the process.
Overwhelming, 99.99% of the Nagas voted for Sovereign Independent
Nagaland.

9. In 1954, the government of India started sending its troops to
Nagaland. The Indian armed forces started comitting atrocities against
the innocent villagers. The NNC leaders went underground and formed
the armed wing to defend themselves.

10. In 1962, the international cease-fire agreement was signed between
Government of India and Federal Government of Nagaland. However, it
was short-lived as the talk between FGN and GoI came to a deadlock.

11. Again in 1975, the 16 points agreement was signed at Shillong
(Shillong Accord) which led to split of NNC/FGN and formation of
NSCN/GPRN in 1980. Then in 1988, NSCN splitted into 2 groups. One
group led by Isak and Muivah (NSCN-IM) and other group led by Khaplang
(NSCN-K).

12. The cease-fire agreement between Government of India and NSCN-IM
was signed in 1997 and more than 70 round of talks were held till date
without any positive outcome. NSCN-K also signed cease-fire agreement
with GoI in 2001.

N.B. I'll be happy to share everything with all of you. Kindly, leave
comments on any issue relating to Naga political problem. So that I
can update it for your consumption.

Brief History of Nagas

Brief account of Nagas

The Nagas were divided into 2 parts by the then British government on
the eve of Indiaì's independence in 1947, leaving the administered
areas under the control of India.
The colonial British troops first came to Nagas soil in 1832. The
Nagas resisted and prevented the British troops from proceeding
further, which resulted into intermittent warfare between Nagas &
British from 1832 to 1879. In 1880, the war concluded with gentlemen's
agreement.
The the then British government set up its administration in Nagaland and left
Nagaland in 1947. However 2/3rd of the Nagas were left untouched.
The administered areas includes present Nagaland State and Naga in-habitat areas of Arunachal, Assam and Manipur were given to India.
The unadministered/untouched areas comprising of more than 2/3rd of Nagas' land were given to Burma (Myanmar)which extends upto Chinwing river.